v2026.1 · 1858 entries
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PHS 2590 (Non-Competing Continuation Progress Report)
PHS 2590 is the Non-Competing Continuation Progress Report, a Public Health Service-wide, OMB-approved form (face page, detailed budget for the next period, budget justification, progress-report summary, personnel and inclusion-enrollment reporting)…
CONSORT Flow Diagram for Randomised Trials
The figure required by the CONSORT statement (2025 item 22a) that accounts for every participant in a randomised trial across four stages — enrolment, allocation to intervention, follow-up, and data analysis — reporting a count in each box and, under item…
Human Cell Atlas (HCA)
An international, open-science consortium, founded in 2016 and convened by the Broad Institute, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and Wellcome, that aims to create comprehensive reference maps of every cell type in the human body using single-cell and spatial…
Reverse Causality
Reverse causality (also called reverse causation) is the error of assuming a relationship between two variables, X and Y, runs from X to Y when the true causal arrow runs the opposite way -- from Y to X -- or, in the general case, runs both ways at once as a…
Vivli (concept)
A non-profit, independent clinical-trial data-sharing platform that hosts a searchable catalogue of individual participant-level data (IPD) from completed clinical trials and mediates researcher access to it through a structured, multi-stage…
PharmGKB (Now ClinPGx): The Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase
ClinPGx (the renamed, relaunched successor to PharmGKB, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase) is the NIH-funded, Stanford-hosted resource that curates the evidence linking specific genetic variants to drug response -- clinical annotations, dosing guidelines,…
Authorised Prescriber (AP) Scheme (TGA, Australia)
The Authorised Prescriber (AP) Scheme is one of two pathways under Australia's Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) letting a medical practitioner lawfully supply an unapproved therapeutic good (one not on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods for the…
Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR)
The Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) is the Australian Government statutory regulator, established under the Gene Technology Act 2000 (Cth), whose approval is required before any dealing with a genetically modified organism (GMO) can lawfully…
Composite Endpoint
A composite endpoint is a single clinical trial outcome built by combining two or more distinct individual outcome events into one measure, counted as a single event at the time of whichever qualifying component occurs first (time-to-first-event analysis).…
Health Canada Special Access Program (SAP)
Health Canada's Special Access Program (SAP) is the federal mechanism that lets a licensed health, dental, or veterinary practitioner request an unauthorized drug, biologic, or medical device for a named patient with a serious or life-threatening condition…
Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
Negative predictive value (NPV) is the proportion of all negative test results that are true negatives: NPV = TN / (TN + FN), calculated within the test-negative row of a diagnostic accuracy 2x2 table. It answers 'given that a patient tested negative, how…
Number Needed to Harm (NNH)
Number needed to harm (NNH) is the average number of patients who must receive a specific treatment, or be exposed to a specific risk factor, over a defined time period, for one additional patient to experience a specified harmful outcome compared with a…
Ensembl (Genome Browser)
A genome browser and annotation resource, maintained by EMBL-EBI, that automatically annotates reference genomes -- gene models, transcripts, regulatory features, comparative-genomics alignments -- and integrates that annotation with other biological data…
Odds Ratio (OR)
An odds ratio (OR) is the ratio of the odds of an outcome occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group, where odds is the probability of the event divided by the probability of the event not occurring (p / (1−p)), not the probability…
STRING (Protein-Protein Interaction Networks)
A biological database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions, maintained by an academic consortium including the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, EMBL, the University of Copenhagen, the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,…
Reactome
A free, open-access, manually curated database of human biological pathways, built on a reaction-based data model: the core unit is a single reaction, and entities (proteins, complexes, nucleic acids, small molecules) participating in that reaction connect…
Relative Risk (RR)
Relative risk (RR), also called risk ratio, is the ratio of the cumulative incidence (absolute risk) of an outcome in an exposed or treated group to the cumulative incidence of that same outcome in an unexposed or control group over a defined follow-up…
KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)
A manually curated, integrated database resource -- initiated in 1995 by Minoru Kanehisa at Kyoto University's Institute for Chemical Research and maintained by the Kanehisa Laboratories -- that represents biological systems as a computable network linking…
UK Stem Cell Bank (UKSCB)
The single national repository, hosted by NIBSC (part of the MHRA) since 2003, that banks and distributes quality-controlled UK-derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines for research and clinical use. Deposit and access decisions are reviewed by the…
ChEMBL
A manually curated database, maintained by EMBL-EBI, of bioactive small molecules with drug-like properties -- recording measured bioactivity values (Ki, Kd, IC50, EC50) against specific molecular targets, extracted from medicinal-chemistry literature and…
Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
Health technology assessment (HTA) is the systematic, multidisciplinary process by which a national or regional body evaluates a health technology -- a drug, medical device, diagnostic test, or procedure -- across its clinical effectiveness,…
Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is the specific form of cost-effectiveness analysis that always measures health outcomes in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), combining survival and health-related quality of life into one utility-weighted unit, rather than in a…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a method of economic evaluation that compares two or more health interventions by dividing the difference in their cost by the difference in their health outcome, where that outcome is measured in a single natural clinical…
BioSample
An NCBI database that stores structured, standardized metadata describing the physical biological source material -- a tissue biopsy, cell line, environmental isolate, or strain -- behind a sequencing or experimental dataset, distinct from the sequence data…
ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements)
An NHGRI-funded international research consortium, launched in September 2003, that systematically catalogs the functional and regulatory elements of the human genome (and, since ENCODE3, the mouse genome) using standardized assays -- ChIP-seq for…
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)
The UK's statutory regulator for fertility treatment and embryo research, created by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 and operational since 1991. The HFEA licenses and inspects three categories of activity -- treatment, storage, and research --…
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFE Act)
The UK statute (1990, as amended by the 2008 Act) making it an offence to create, keep, or use a human embryo outside the body -- or to provide licensable fertility treatment -- except under a licence granted by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology…
ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio)
The ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) is the additional cost of one health intervention compared with a next-best alternative, divided by the additional health benefit (usually measured in QALYs) that intervention produces: ICER = (Cost A - Cost B)…
QALY (Quality-Adjusted Life Year)
A QALY (quality-adjusted life year) is a health-outcome unit equal to one year of life lived in full health (utility = 1.0), calculated by multiplying the number of years spent in a given health state by a utility weight for that state (0 = death, 1.0 = full…
Pending IRG Review
Pending IRG Review is the eRA Commons application status (status code 17) shown for an NIH grant application that has not yet been assigned to a later phase of NIH's review process — in practice, it signals the application is waiting for evaluation by its…
Hierarchy of Controls (NIOSH)
The hierarchy of controls is a five-level framework, developed and maintained by NIOSH (the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), for selecting and ranking measures to reduce or eliminate a workplace hazard, ordered from most to least…
Person-Time
Person-time is a denominator that combines the number of subjects under observation with the actual length of time each subject was observed while at risk for the outcome under study, expressed in units such as person-days, person-months, or person-years. It…
Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
The case fatality rate (CFR) is the proportion of confirmed cases of a specified disease or condition that die from it within a defined period, calculated as the number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the total number of confirmed (or…
Attack Rate
The attack rate is the proportion of an at-risk population that develops a defined outcome (illness, injury, or death) during a specified observation period bounded by a discrete exposure event -- such as a foodborne outbreak, a point-source chemical release,…
CCRC (Certified Clinical Research Coordinator)
The Certified Clinical Research Coordinator (CCRC) credential is an individual professional certification administered by the Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP) that recognizes a Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) who has demonstrated…
CCRP (Certified Clinical Research Professional)
The Certified Clinical Research Professional (CCRP) credential is an individual professional certification administered by the Society of Clinical Research Associates (SOCRA) that validates a candidate's knowledge, ethics, and ability to conduct regulated…
CIP (Certified IRB Professional)
The Certified IRB Professional (CIP) credential is an individual professional certification, awarded by the Council for Certification of IRB Professionals (CCIP) under PRIM&R (Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research), that formally recognizes a…
dbSNP
dbSNP is NCBI's public archive that assigns a persistent Reference SNP (rs) identifier to every distinct short genetic variant reported to it -- single nucleotide polymorphisms, small insertions/deletions, and other short variants -- regardless of clinical…
Sequence Read Archive (SRA)
The Sequence Read Archive (SRA) is NCBI's repository for raw or minimally processed high-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing reads, submitted in FASTQ, BAM, or CRAM format, and operated as the US node of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database…
1000 Genomes Project
The 1000 Genomes Project was a completed (2008-2015) international research consortium that sequenced the genomes of 2,504 individuals across 26 populations worldwide, specifically to catalogue common human genetic variation (variants at roughly 1% or greater…
All of Us Research Program
The All of Us Research Program is an ongoing NIH longitudinal precision-medicine cohort study, launched for enrollment in 2018, that recruits a target of at least one million U.S. volunteers -- deliberately oversampling communities historically…
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was a completed (2006-2018), joint National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) program that molecularly characterized more than 11,000 primary cancer cases across 33 cancer types,…
gnomAD (Genome Aggregation Database)
gnomAD is a population-scale reference database of aggregated human exome and genome sequencing data, developed by an international coalition of investigators at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, that reports allele frequencies and quality metrics for…
Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
A test result's positive predictive value (PPV) is the proportion of all positive results that are true positives — TP / (TP + FP) — calculated within the test-positive row of a 2×2 diagnostic accuracy table, not within the disease-present column the way…
StarLIMS
StarLIMS is a commercial, enterprise-grade laboratory information management system (LIMS) originally developed in Israel and now owned by private-equity firm Turn/River Capital, after previous ownership by Francisco Partners (2021-2026) and, before that,…
jamovi
jamovi is a free, open-source statistical software application that provides a spreadsheet-style graphical interface to analyses executed by R packages underneath it (the jmv R package for its core menu), distributed under the AGPL-3.0 licence (select…
Labguru
Labguru is a cloud-based ELN and LIMS platform from BioData Inc. that combines experiment documentation, sample and inventory tracking, and equipment management in one linked system: an experiment record can reference the exact inventory lot and instrument…
Citavi
Citavi is a commercial reference-management application, originally from Swiss Academic Software and now owned by QSR International (distributed under the Lumivero brand since the 2021 acquisition), that combines three tools inside one project file: a…
