Skip to main content
v2026.11,772 entries · CC-BY 4.0

Controlled vocabulary · Picklist

Output Types

Types of research or scholarly outputs.

Enumerated values

#ValueDefinition
1Book ChapterA discrete, separately authored section of an edited or authored book.
2Book ProspectusA document describing a forthcoming book based on research or scholarly findings.
3Book ReviewA critical evaluation of a published book.
4Book SeriesA set of related books, written by a single author or collaboratively, based on research or scholarly findings.
5BookA standalone, full-length published work presenting research or scholarly findings.
6Conference AbstractA short summary of research submitted for presentation at an academic conference.
7Conference PaperA full paper presented at an academic conference, typically published in its proceedings.
8Conference PosterA visual summary of research presented at an academic conference, typically displayed rather than read aloud.
9Conference ProgramA document giving details of the papers to be presented at an academic conference, compiled from the accepted submissions.
10Dictionary EntryA definition or explanatory entry contributed to a dictionary.
11DisclosureA formal statement disclosing information such as an invention, conflict of interest, or other reportable matter.
12DissertationA long-form scholarly document submitted in support of an academic degree, typically a doctorate.
13Edited BookA book compiling contributions from multiple authors, assembled and organized by one or more editors.
14Encyclopedia EntryA definition or explanatory entry contributed to an encyclopedia.
15Funding SubmissionAn application submitted to request funding for research or scholarly activity.
16Journal ArticleA scholarly article published in a journal, typically following peer review.
17Journal IssueA single numbered or dated issue of a journal, collecting multiple articles.
18LicenseA formal grant of rights specifying how a work may be used or reused.
19Magazine ArticleAn article published in a magazine intended for a general or semi-specialist readership.
20ManualA document providing instructions or guidance for using a tool, system, or process.
21Newsletter ArticleAn article published in a newsletter, typically intended for a defined audience or membership.
22Newspaper ArticleAn article published in a newspaper.
23Online ResourceA resource made available online, not otherwise classified under a more specific output type.
24PatentA grant of exclusive rights to an invention, issued by a national or regional patent authority.
25Registered CopyrightA copyright claim formally registered with a copyright authority.
26ReportA document presenting the findings, methods, or status of a research or scholarly activity, typically issued outside the peer-reviewed literature.
27Research ToolA tool, instrument, or resource developed to support research activity.
28Supervised Student PublicationA publication produced by a student under the supervision of a faculty member or research supervisor.
29Tenure-PromotionA process of confidential deliberations by a committee, held in camera, to decide the tenure or promotion of an academic.
30TestAn instrument or protocol used to measure, assess, or evaluate a specific construct or outcome.
31TrademarkA registered sign, symbol, or expression identifying a particular product or organization.
32TranslationA rendering of a work from one language into another.
33University Academic UnitA primary academic organizational entity of a university that has appointed faculty.
34WebsiteA website produced or maintained as a research or scholarly output.
35Working PaperA preliminary version of a scholarly work, circulated for comment before formal publication.

Referenced across the research world

University of Cambridge logoColumbia University logoCrossref logoUniversity of Edinburgh logoHarvard University logoUniversity of Oxford logoPrinceton University logoStanford School of Medicine logoUniversity College London logoORCID logoUniversity of Cambridge logoColumbia University logoCrossref logoUniversity of Edinburgh logoHarvard University logoUniversity of Oxford logoPrinceton University logoStanford School of Medicine logoUniversity College London logoORCID logo
  • University of Cambridge logo
  • Columbia University logo
  • Crossref logo
  • University of Edinburgh logo
  • Harvard University logo
  • University of Oxford logo
  • Princeton University logo
  • Stanford School of Medicine logo
  • University College London logo
  • ORCID logo

View CASRAI adoption →

Regulatory Radar

Stop finding out after the fact

$29/month, cancel anytime. Daily digest updates from our analysis, a dashboard holding the same items, and a cited assistant for everything they raise.

  • Federal Register, Federal Register+, Grants.gov, Regulations.gov, NSF News, UKRI, plus CASRAI’s own published content.
  • 72,264 indexed passages, and every answer cites the ones it drew on.